Topic: WA earthquakes

[Colin Maitland]

I know this is not a severe weather event, but I also keep a tab on earthquakes right around the world.

on the 30/31/01/09 WA experienced 7 tremors/quakes with a magnitude ranging from 2.6 to 4.3.

Date   Time (UTC)
hh:mm:ss    Latitude   Longitude    Depth (km)   Magnitude    Location (click for map and further information)

31/01/2009   04:19:37   -30.3   117.71   9   3.3    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia

31/01/2009   03:14:02   -30.29   117.73   6   2.8    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   22:10:10   -30.29   117.76   6   3.2    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   21:50:22   -30.25   117.75   14   3.6    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   20:31:13   -30.29   117.68   19   2.9    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   18:05:14   -30.28   117.71   19   2.6    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   17:33:12   -30.2    117.77   25   4.3    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   17:25:23   -30.26   117.74   10   3.8    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia

I am trying to see if there is tie at all between the quakes and the extreme weather events.
 
http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/listQuakes

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/  ( most I have seen on this sight in a 7 day period is 424, I kept the records.)

The average seems to be around the 180-200 /week from the USGS site, but in early Nov 2008 it rose to well over 424+/ 7 day period. 
When looking at the world map were it is plotting were the quakes that occured, it was almost a complete circle of the fault line right around the world. The earth took a massive shift. Just researching to see if there is a connection.

[Colin Maitland]

Has all that extreme heat rocked WA, this is an update for WA, I never seen this many in Australia since I started observing them some time ago

Date   Time (UTC)
hh:mm:ss    Latitude   Longitude    Depth (km)   Magnitude    Location (click for map and further information)
01/02/2009   21:57:39   -30.2216   117.7709   0   4.1    NE of Burakin, Western Australia
01/02/2009   19:22:28   -30.23   117.77   0   2.5    NE of Burakin, Western Australia
01/02/2009   18:59:26   -30.26   117.78   10   3.3    NE of Burakin, Western Australia
01/02/2009   17:58:13   -30.28   117.7           10   2.5    NE of Burakin, Western Australia
01/02/2009   05:14:29   -30.2802   117.6565   18   2.8    NE of Burakin, Western Australia
01/02/2009   04:25:17   -30.2888   117.7068   10   3.1    NE of Burakin, Western Australia

01/02/2009   00:42:43   -30.2579   117.7439   35   3.9    NE of Burakin, Western Australia

31/01/2009   20:25:28   -30.2656   117.6932   10   3.1    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
31/01/2009   16:18:55   -30.25    117.79   7   3.5    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
31/01/2009   13:49:41   -30.26   117.74   13   2.9    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
31/01/2009   13:02:45   -30.27   117.72   19   3.0    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
31/01/2009   11:55:22   -30.28   117.71   20   4.0    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
31/01/2009   09:51:58   -30.3       117.75   4   2.8    50km NE Burakin,     Western Australia
31/01/2009   08:47:03   -30.23   117.83   20   4.5    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia

31/01/2009   04:19:37   -30.3           117.71   9   3.3    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia

31/01/2009   03:14:02   -30.29   117.73   6   2.8    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   22:10:10   -30.29   117.76   6   3.2    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   21:50:22   -30.25   117.75   14   3.6    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   20:31:13   -30.29   117.68   19   2.9    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   18:05:14   -30.28   117.71   19   2.6    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   17:33:12   -30.2    117.77   25   4.3    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia
30/01/2009   17:25:23   -30.26   117.74   10   3.8    50km NE of Burakin, Western Australia

http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/listQuakes

So far no mention of it has reached our media.

[Dave Nelson]

Quote ... I am trying to see if there is tie at all between the quakes and the extreme weather events.... unquote
Hi Coltan...

   naaaaa   this area of WA has for a longggggg time (many many years) been quite active .... I would go as far
as to say probably the most active area anywhere in Oz.  I have seen activity bursts like this regularly in this
area over the many years that I have studied quakes in Oz and worldwide.

Quote.... The average seems to be around the 180-200 /week from the USGS site, but in early Nov 2008 it rose to well over 424+/ 7 day period. 
When looking at the world map were it is plotting were the quakes that occured, it was almost a complete circle of the fault line right around the world. The earth took a massive shift. Just researching to see if there is a connection.  .... unquote

Large quakes and their aftershock sequences will always push the short-term averages up ... you need to do
avg's over longer periods.... its like looking at weather v's climate ... short term v's long term.
yes when you look at a tectonic map of the earth is looks much like a " cracked eggshell " to coin a very old
saying with all the main transform and subduction zones around the earth that divide it into a collection of "plates"
hence the term plate tectonics .... eg the Indian Plate,  Pacific Plate, North American Plate to name a few
Australia sits in the middle of the Indian Plate,  ie. there is no major faultline (Plate boundary) in Australia.  Unlike
New Zealand which straddles the Indian and Pacific plates and makes geology VERY active in NZ with 1000's of
quakes / yr and volcanic eruptions etc ... lots of mountain building.

cheers
Dave N

[Colin Maitland]

Maybe I should have put the two scenarios in place.
1. Earthquakes effecting climate change, or
2. Climate change effecting earthquakes.

    I did not just jump on and talk about WA earthquakes as a knee jerk reaction,and something to talk about because they appeared, but it was the abnormally high amount over the short period. I know there is 1000's of tremors per day around the world, but these readings on these sights are for 2 or greater Magnitude. We have places in Australia recording tremors every year.

There is simply an abundant amount of material to research on this subject.

     Now, if like many mathematicians and scientist,you believe in the chaos theory, that originated in 1890 by Henri Poincaré, and you apply the Chaos theory, specifically, in this case, for example, the Butterfly effect, {That is referring to the idea that a butterfly's wings might create tiny changes in the atmosphere that may ultimately alter the path of a tornado or delay, accelerate or even prevent the occurrence of a tornado in a certain location. The flapping wing represents a small change in the initial condition of the system, which causes a chain of events leading to large-scale alterations of events. Had the butterfly not flapped its wings, the trajectory of the system might have been vastly different. While the butterfly does not cause the tornado, the flap of its wings is an essential part of the initial conditions resulting in a tornado.Recurrence, the approximate return of a system towards its initial conditions, together with sensitive dependence on initial conditions are the two main ingredients for chaotic motion. They have the practical consequence of making complex systems, such as the weather, difficult to predict past a certain time range (approximately a week in the case of weather).} then you have a slightly different prospectus on this topic.


Another article of interest amongst the thousands is:


Some earthquakes may be linked to climate change
http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0628-earthquakes.html

Scientists say melting glaciers could induce tectonic activity.

   
The reason? As ice melts and waters runs off, tremendous amounts of weight are lifted off of Earth's crust. As the newly freed crust settles back to its original, pre-glacier shape, it can cause seismic plates to slip and stimulate volcanic activity according to research into prehistoric earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Sharon Begley of The Wall Street Journal recently wrote about the subject in her "Science Journal" column, noting that new research suggests that when ice sheets retreated some 10,000 years ago, volcanoes in the Mediterranean, Antarctica and California became more active.

Begley spoke with Allen Glazner of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, a geoscientist who has studied the phenomenon. Analyzing an 800,000-year record of volcanic activity in eastern California, Glazner found that "the peaks of volcanic activity occurred when ice was retreating globally. At first I thought it was crazy, but other scientists also found evidence that climate affects volcanism" (quoted in Begley's article).

With Earth's glaciers and ice gaps melting at increasing rates due to climate change, it is conceivable that we could see further impact from "isostatic rebound" in the Earth's crust. Begley cites work by Patrick Wu, a professor of geophysics of the University of Calgary, which suggests that past disappearance of ice "may still be contributing to quakes in eastern Canada."

"The pressure of the ice sheet suppresses earthquakes, so removing that load triggers them," Wu told Begley. "Present-day earthquakes may have their origin in postglacial rebound."

Bill McGuire, professor of Geophysical Hazards at University College, spelled out the scenario further in an article in New Scientist, titled "Climate change: Tearing the Earth apart?"

"It shouldn't come as a surprise that the loading and unloading of the Earth's crust by ice or water can trigger seismic and volcanic activity and even landslides. Dumping the weight of a kilometre-thick ice sheet onto a continent or removing a deep column of water from the ocean floor will inevitably affect the stresses and strains on the underlying rock," he wrote. "[While] not every volcanic eruption and earthquake in the years to come will have a climate-change link... [As] the century progresses we should not be surprised by more geological disasters as a direct and indirect result of dramatic changes to our environment."

MORE

RETREATING GLACIERS SPUR ALASKAN EARTHQUAKES In a new study, NASA and United States Geological Survey (USGS) scientists found that retreating glaciers in southern Alaska may be opening the way for future earthquakes. The study examined the likelihood of increased earthquake activity in southern Alaska as a result of rapidly melting glaciers. As glaciers melt they lighten the load on the Earth's crust. Tectonic plates, that are mobile pieces of the Earth's crust, can then move more freely. The study appears in the July issue of the Journal of Global and Planetary Change.to research 


Another factor that could be taken into account is set out below with the tilt factor,

Abstract:    A wide set of dynamics phenomena (i.e., geodynamics, Post Glacial Rebound, seismicity and volcanic activity) can produce time gravity changes, which spectrum varies from short (1… 10 s) to long (more than 1 year) periods. The amplitude of the gravity variations is generally in the order of 10 8…10 9 g, consequently their detection requires instruments with high sensitivity and stability: then, high quality experimental data. Spring and superconducting gravimeters are intensively used with this target and they are frequently jointed with tiltmeters recording stations in order to measure the elastogravitational perturbation of the Earth. The far-field effects produced by large earthquakes on records collected by spring gravimeters and tiltmeters are investigated here. Gravity and tilt records were analyzed on time windows spanning the occurrence of large worldwide earthquakes; the gravity records have been collected on two stations approximately 600 km distant. The background noise level at the stations was characterized, in each season, in order to detect a possible seasonal dependence and the presence of spectral components which could hide or mask other geophysical signals, such as, for instance, the highest mode of the Seismic Free Oscillation (SFO) of the Earth. Some spectral components (6.5’; 8’; 9’; 14’, 20’, 51’) have been detected in gravity and tilt records on the occasion of large earthquakes and the effect of the SFO has been hypothesized. A quite different spectral content of the EW and NS tiltmeter components has been detected and interpreted as a consequence of the radiation pattern of the disturbances due to the earthquakes. Through the analysis of the instrumental sensitivity, instrumental effects have been detected for gravity meters at very low frequency.

So at this point I dont concur or dismiss all the possibilities, but for every action there is a reaction. Maybe still early days yet, as new research unfolds and new technology is formulated new answers may be found.

Please dont take offense, it is just why I am thinking along these lines.

Cheers
Col

[Colin Maitland]

Thanks for the information.

Maybe not the right choice of words I used, I did not mean that as a result of the earth vibrating ( butterfly flapping its wings) this would cause a disturbance in the air flow, but adding more to the chaos theory,this phenomenon, common to chaos theory, is also known as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Just a small change in the initial conditions can drastically change the long-term behavior of a system. Or another words, what does the outcome of a specific event have on the rest of the world.

So what I was applying it more to, was the  reverse scenario 2. That of climate effecting/ causing  earthquakes, when I generalised quakes effecting in my original post, I meant the two way situation, and which one is more likely. From the imformation given from you, you can understand that an earthquake causing a shift in air disturbance, would be swift, very small or highly impossible {(but not totally impossible).just in case}

But the reverse is, could the exteme heat and flooding cause the more than usual amount of tremors in WA ( 68 in total from the 30/01/09-02/02/09 { 4 days{) The core over heating or a loading on another point of the plate that may cause a shift.
 
Then over the years Alaska has been a constant mover. As NASA reported

RETREATING GLACIERS SPUR ALASKAN EARTHQUAKES In a new study, NASA and United States Geological Survey (USGS) scientists found that retreating glaciers in southern Alaska may be opening the way for future earthquakes. The study examined the likelihood of increased earthquake activity in southern Alaska as a result of rapidly melting glaciers. As glaciers melt they lighten the load on the Earth's crust. Tectonic plates, that are mobile pieces of the Earth's crust, can then move more freely. The study appears in the July issue of the Journal of Global and Planetary Change.to research

Another quote from NASA much the same lines

Southern Alaska is also prone to earthquakes because a tectonic plate under the Pacific Ocean is pushing into the coast, building up lots of pressure. The weight of a big glacier on top of these earthquake active areas can help keep things stable. But, as the glaciers melt and their load on the plate lessens, there is a greater likelihood of an earthquake happening to relieve the large strain underneath. Even though shrinking glaciers make it easier for earthquakes to occur, the forcing together of tectonic plates is the main reason behind major earthquakes.

An example of present movement

106 Earthquakes Shown on This Page:
Local Time
   
Magnitude
   
Region
05:12 PM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    0.49 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
03:50 PM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.67 ML    in the central region of Alaska
03:01 PM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.38 ML    in the east-central region of Alaska
01:47 PM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    Unknown    in the central region of Alaska
01:26 PM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.35 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
12:53 PM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    Unknown    in the central region of Alaska
11:49 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.66 ML    in the central region of Alaska
10:46 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    0.49 ML    in the Alaska Peninsula region of Alaska
10:31 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    3.37 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
09:46 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    0.80 ML    in the central region of Alaska
09:37 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.69 ML    in the central region of Alaska
09:15 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.26 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
08:53 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.81 ML    in the central region of Alaska
08:52 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    2.08 ML    in the east-central region of Alaska
05:59 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    2.01 ML    in the Prince William Sound region of Alaska
05:52 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.77 ML    in the central region of Alaska
05:51 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.49 ML    in the Kenai Peninsula region of Alaska
05:44 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.93 ML    in the Kenai Peninsula region of Alaska
05:01 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.56 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
04:38 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    Unknown    in the central region of Alaska
03:47 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    0.99 ML    in the central region of Alaska
03:26 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.56 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
02:39 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    2.25 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
02:24 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    2.14 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
02:14 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    3.80 ML    in the Rat Islands region of Alaska
02:04 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    3.16 ML    in the Alaska Peninsula region of Alaska
01:44 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.11 ML    in the Alaska Peninsula region of Alaska
12:50 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    Unknown    in the central region of Alaska
12:14 AM AKST Friday February 6th, 2009    1.54 ML    in the central region of Alaska
11:52 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.09 ML    in the Prince William Sound region of Alaska
11:24 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.42 ML    in the east-central region of Alaska
11:01 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.52 ML    in the east-central region of Alaska
10:39 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.24 ML    in the east-central region of Alaska
10:21 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.17 ML    in the east-central region of Alaska
10:16 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.38 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
10:04 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.97 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
09:35 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    Unknown    in the central region of Alaska
08:28 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.70 ML    in the central region of Alaska
08:06 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.98 ML    in southeastern Alaska
07:59 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.32 ML    in the central region of Alaska
07:36 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.20 ML    in the Cape Yakataga region of Alaska
06:43 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.94 ML    in the central region of Alaska
05:15 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.45 ML    in the central region of Alaska
05:12 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.30 ML    in the central region of Alaska
05:00 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.92 ML    in the central region of Alaska
04:56 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.76 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
04:08 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.26 ML    in the Kenai Peninsula region of Alaska
03:58 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.82 ML    in the central region of Alaska
03:54 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.18 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
02:43 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.70 ML    in the Yakutat Bay region of Alaska
02:36 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.56 ML    in the Alaska Peninsula region of Alaska
02:27 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.17 ML    in the central region of Alaska
02:14 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.11 ML    in the central region of Alaska
01:53 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.02 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
01:32 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    0.83 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
01:04 PM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    3.38 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
10:56 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.42 ML    in southeastern Alaska
10:54 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.06 ML    in the east-central region of Alaska
10:40 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.76 ML    in the Kenai Peninsula region of Alaska
10:37 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.06 ML    in southeastern Alaska
10:33 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.08 ML    in the Alaska Peninsula region of Alaska
10:32 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    3.18 ML    in the Andreanof Islands region of Alaska
10:14 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.54 ML    in the Kenai Peninsula region of Alaska
08:40 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.24 ML    in the central region of Alaska
07:58 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.33 ML    in the north-central region of Alaska
07:55 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.61 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
06:58 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.50 ML    in the Prince William Sound region of Alaska
06:49 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    3.82 ML    in the Alaska Peninsula region of Alaska
06:20 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.22 ML    in the central region of Alaska
05:26 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.40 ML    in the Yakutat Bay region of Alaska
05:20 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.63 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
05:12 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    3.03 ML    in the Kodiak Island region of Alaska
05:00 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.28 ML    in the Fox Islands region of Alaska
04:46 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.94 ML    in the central region of Alaska
03:59 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.86 ML    in the Prince William Sound region of Alaska
03:28 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.99 ML    in the central region of Alaska
03:23 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    0.09 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
02:53 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    0.77 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
02:19 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    0.96 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
01:40 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    Unknown    SOUTHWESTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN
01:37 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    2.61 ML    in the Alaska Peninsula region of Alaska
12:02 AM AKST Thursday February 5th, 2009    1.08 ML    in the Prince William Sound region of Alaska
11:48 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    2.50 ML    in the Unimak Island region of Alaska
11:41 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    0.94 ML    in the central region of Alaska
10:58 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.36 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
10:26 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.07 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
09:41 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.41 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
08:36 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.19 ML    in the central region of Alaska
08:28 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    0.94 ML    in the central region of Alaska
08:18 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    2.13 ML    beneath the Gulf of Alaska
08:17 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    2.24 ML    in the Fox Islands region of Alaska
08:00 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.44 ML    in the Prince William Sound region of Alaska
07:55 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    2.43 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
07:50 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.87 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
07:47 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.32 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
06:39 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.76 ML    in the central region of Alaska
06:15 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    2.71 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
06:01 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.37 ML    in the central region of Alaska
05:45 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.54 ML    in the Kenai Peninsula region of Alaska
05:38 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    2.03 ML    in the central region of Alaska
05:34 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.27 ML    CENTRAL ALASKA
05:06 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    0.94 ML    in the central region of Alaska
04:30 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.26 ML    in the central region of Alaska
04:21 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    1.08 ML    in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska
03:15 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    2.14 ML    in the Yukon Territory
03:12 PM AKST Wednesday February 4th, 2009    0.86 ML    in the central region of Alaska

Alaska seems to be the hot spot, throughout the years I have been watching, but just started to get curious, how, if it all, it does play a part.I will look at some of the books. Just good to get feed back and what way to look at it.

PS Alaska's Mt. Redoubt has not erupted, but scientists and residents remain on alert and an eruption still appears imminent. I realise you would probably already know that, being interested in Volcanic activity, ( I think that is what you meant in 1st reply) but just in case it might interest you

(http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2009/01/alaskas-mount-r.html)

Cheers.