Tropical Cyclones [Index]

Tropical Cyclone YANI [Australian Region][South Indian Ocean][South Pacific Ocean][Southern Hemisphere][Summaries and Track Data]

WWPS22 ABRF 220224
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 0131 UTC on 22/11/06
Special Advisory Number 3

Tropical Cyclone Yani 

At 220225 UTC Tropical Cyclone Yani was located near : 

Latitude: 12.2S
Longitude: 162.5E

Position accuracy - fair.  Fix based on 220133UTC MTSAT vis.  Recent movement SE
at 4 knots. Intensifying

Central pressure 995 hPa.

Expect sustained clockwise winds of 35 knots within 120 nautical miles of the
centre on the southeast semicircle, and within 60 nautical miles on the
northwestern semicircle, increasing to 45 knots in the next 12-24 hours.   
 
Forecast position at 221200 UTC near:
             Latitude: 13.2 S
             Longitude: 162.5E

Forecast position at 230000 UTC near:
             Latitude: 14.0 S
             Longitude: 162.5E

   The next advisory will be issued by 230430UTC.  
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 220443
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 0443 UTC on 22/11/06
Special Advisory Number 4

Tropical Cyclone Yani 

At 220225 UTC Tropical Cyclone Yani was located near : 

Latitude: 12.1S
Longitude: 162.6E

Position accuracy - fair.  Fix based on 220233UTC MTSAT vis.  Near stationary.
TC Yani is expected to slowly intensify.

Central pressure 995 hPa.

Expect sustained clockwise winds of 35 knots within 120 nautical miles of the
centre on the southeast semicircle, and within 60 nautical miles on the
northwestern semicircle, increasing to 45 knots in the next 12-24 hours.  
TC Yani is expected to move slowly SSW during the next 24 hours though there is
a spread of model outcomes ranging from NW to SW forecast movement. So
confidence in forecast movement is fair. Upper level pattern favourable for
further development with system centre positioned on southern side of upper
ridge in low shear and good outflow channel in southern quadrants.     
 
Forecast position at 221200 UTC near:
             Latitude: 13.2 S
             Longitude: 162.5E

Forecast position at 230000 UTC near:
             Latitude: 14.0 S
             Longitude: 162.5E

   The next advisory will be issued by 220730UTC.  
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 220733
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 0655 UTC on 22/11/06
Special Advisory Number 5

Tropical Cyclone Yani 

At 220225 UTC Tropical Cyclone Yani was located near : 

Latitude: 12.6S
Longitude: 162.3E

Position accuracy - fair.  Fix based on 220633UTC MTSAT vis. Movement slowly
south. TC Yani is expected to slowly intensify.

Central pressure 990 hPa.

Expect sustained clockwise winds of 40 knots within 120 nautical miles of the
centre on the southeast semicircle, and within 60 nautical miles on the
northwestern semicircle, increasing to 45 knots in the next 12-24 hours.  
Current movement of TC Yani is slowly south. There is a spread of model guidance
ranging from NW to SW forecast movement over the short to medium term. Most NWP
has some sort of westward movement in the medium term. Rennell Is could come
under the influence of the northern gales as the system moves west, possibly
Thursday evening.  
Deep CB near centre with cloudband displaying increasing wrapping near system
centre.
Upper level pattern favourable for further development with system centre
positioned on southern side of upper ridge in low shear and good outflow channel
in southern quadrants.     
 
Forecast position at 221800 UTC near:
             Latitude: 12.6 S
             Longitude: 161.9E

Forecast position at 230600 UTC near:
             Latitude: 13.0 S
             Longitude: 161.5E

   The next advisory will be issued by 221030UTC.  
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 221026
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 1012 UTC on 22/11/06
Special Advisory Number 6

Tropical Cyclone YANI at 220933 UTC
Located at..
Latitude:  12.7S

Longitude:  162.6E  

Moving:  South at: 4 knots

Central Pressure:  990  hPa

Mean maximum winds to 40 knots with maximum gusts to 55 knots.

The system is intensifying. 

Expect gales out to 120 miles from the centre in the southeastern semicircle and
60 miles from the centre in the northwestern semicircle.

Position fair. YANI continues to slowly intensify under generally favourable
conditions and may develop mean maximum winds to 50 knots [category 2] within
the next 12 to 24 hours. Recent movement has been slowly southward in a weak
steering environment. Most NWP guidance indicates a westerly component to the
movement developing in the short to medium term, though NWP models vary on
whether the ultimate track will be SW, W, or even WNW.

Gales may develop about Rennell Island during the next 24 hours as the system
deepens and/or undertakes a more westerly track.  

Forecast position at  221800  UTC
                Latitude:  12.6S
                Longitude:  161.9E

Forecast position at 230600 UTC
                 Latitude: 13.0S
                 Longitude: 161.5E


The next Special Advisory will be issued at:  1330UTC
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 221332
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 1321 UTC on 22/11/06
Special Advisory Number 7

Tropical Cyclone YANI at 221233 UTC
Located at..
Latitude:  12.7S

Longitude:  162.6E  

Moving:  South at: 3 knots

Central Pressure:  987 hPa

Mean maximum winds to 45 knots with maximum gusts to 65 knots.

The system is intensifying. 

Expect gales out to 120 miles from the centre in the southeastern semicircle and
60 miles from the centre in the northwestern semicircle.

Position fair. YANI continues to slowly intensify under generally favourable
conditions and may develop mean maximum winds to 50 knots [category 2] within
the next 12 hours. Movement during the last 12 hours has been slowly southward
in a weak steering environment. Most NWP guidance indicates a westerly component
to the movement developing in the short to medium term, though NWP models vary
on whether the ultimate track will be SW, W, or even WNW. The scenario
considered most likely is that the system will continue moving slowly south for
6 to 12 hours and then turn SW or WSW some time on Thursday. 

Gales may develop about Rennell Island during the next 24 hours as the system
deepens and/or undertakes a more westerly track.  

Forecast position at  230000  UTC
                Latitude:  12.9S
                Longitude:  162.5E

Forecast position at 231200 UTC
                 Latitude: 13.4S
                 Longitude: 161.7E

The next Special Advisory will be issued at:  1930UTC
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 221930
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 1912 UTC on 22/11/06
Special Advisory Number 8

Tropical Cyclone YANI at 221800 UTC
Located at..
Latitude:  12.9S

Longitude:  162.8E  

Moving:  South-southeast at: 3 knots

Central Pressure:  985 hPa

Mean maximum winds to 50 knots close to the centre, increasing to 55 knots in
the next 12 to 24 hours with maximum gusts to 75 knots.
The system is intensifying. 

Expect gales out to 120 miles from the centre in the southeastern semicircle and
90 miles from the centre in the northern semicircle. Storm force winds within 30
miles of the centre.

Position fair. YANI continues to slowly intensify under generally favourable
conditions. Movement during the last 12 hours has been slowly south-southeast in
a weak steering environment. Most NWP guidance indicates a westerly component to
the movement developing in the short to medium term, though NWP models vary on
whether the ultimate track will be SW, W, or even WNW. The scenario considered
most likely is that the system will continue moving slowly south for 6 to 12
hours and then turn W or WSW later today. 

Gales may develop about Rennell Island during the next 24 hours as the system
deepens and/or undertakes a more westerly track.  

Forecast position at  230600  UTC
                Latitude:  12.8S
                Longitude:  162.4E

Forecast position at 231800 UTC
                 Latitude: 12.9S
                 Longitude: 161.8E

The next Special Advisory will be issued at:  2230UTC
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 222004
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

CORRECTION 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 2000 UTC on 22/11/06
Special Advisory Number 9

Tropical Cyclone YANI at 221800 UTC
Located at..
Latitude:  12.9S

Longitude:  162.8E  

Moving:  South-southeast at: 3 knots

Central Pressure:  985 hPa

Mean maximum winds to 50 knots close to the centre, increasing to 60 knots in
the next 12 to 24 hours with maximum gusts to 80 knots.
The system is intensifying. 

Expect gales out to 120 miles from the centre in the southeastern semicircle and
90 miles from the centre in the northwestern semicircle. Storm force winds
within 30 miles of the centre.

Position fair. YANI continues to slowly intensify under generally favourable
conditions. Movement during the last 12 hours has been slowly south-southeast in
a weak steering environment. Most NWP guidance indicates a westerly component to
the movement developing in the short to medium term, though NWP models vary on
whether the ultimate track will be SW, W, or even WNW. The scenario considered
most likely is that the system will continue moving slowly south for 6 to 12
hours and then turn W or WSW later today. 

Gales may develop about Rennell Island during the next 24 hours as the system
deepens and/or undertakes a more westerly track.  

Forecast position at  230600  UTC
                Latitude:  12.8S
                Longitude:  162.4E

Forecast position at 231800 UTC
                 Latitude: 12.9S
                 Longitude: 161.8E

The next Special Advisory will be issued at:  2230UTC
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 222238
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 2202 UTC on 22/11/06
Special Advisory Number 10

Tropical Cyclone YANI at 222133 UTC
Located at..
Latitude:  12.6S

Longitude:  162.6E  

Moving:  North-northwest at: 4 knots

Central Pressure:  985 hPa

Mean maximum winds to 50 knots close to the centre, increasing to 60 knots in
the next 12 to 24 hours with maximum gusts to 80 knots.
The system is intensifying. 

Expect gales out to 120 miles from the centre in the southeastern semicircle and
90 miles from the centre in the northwestern semicircle. Storm force winds
within 30 miles of the centre.

Position fair. YANI continues to slowly intensify under generally favourable
conditions. Movement during the last 12 hours has generally been slowly
south-southeast in a weak steering environment, though recently shifted slowly
to north-northwest. Most NWP guidance indicates a westerly component to the
movement developing in the short to medium term, though NWP models vary on
whether the ultimate track will be SW, W, or WNW. The scenario considered most
likely is that the system will continue to be slow moving for the next 6 hours
or so, then adopt a W or WSW movement later today. 

Gales may develop about Rennell Island during the next 12 to 24 hours as the
system deepens and/or maintains a westerly track.  

Forecast position at  230600  UTC
                Latitude:  12.8S
                Longitude:  162.4E

Forecast position at 231800 UTC
                 Latitude: 12.9S
                 Longitude: 161.8E

The next Special Advisory will be issued at:  0130UTC
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 230136
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 0050 UTC on 23/11/06
Special Advisory Number 11

Tropical Cyclone YANI at 230100 UTC
Located at..
Latitude:  12.6S

Longitude:  162.9E  

Moving:  East at 5 knots

Central Pressure:  980 hPa

Mean maximum winds to 55 knots close to the centre, increasing to 65 knots in
the next 12 hours with maximum gusts to 90 knots.
The system is intensifying. 

Expect gales out to 120 miles from the centre in the southeastern semicircle and
90 miles from the centre in the northwestern semicircle. Storm force winds
within 30 miles of the centre.

Position fair. YANI continues to slowly intensify under generally favourable
conditions. Satellite imagery indicating tight wrap of deep convection around
cyclone centre nearly indicating a closed eye system. Movement during the last
12 hours has been slow and cyclic in a weak steering environment, though
expected movement will be towards the southwest within the next 12 to 24 hours.
Most NWP guidance indicates a westerly component to the movement developing in
the short to medium term, though NWP models vary on whether the ultimate track
will be SW, W, or WNW. The scenario considered most likely is that the system
will continue to be slow moving for the next 6 hours or so, then adopt a W or
WSW movement later today. 

Gales may develop about Rennell Island during the next 12 to 24 hours into
Friday as the system deepens and/or maintains a westerly track.  

Forecast position at  231200  UTC
                Latitude:  12.6S
                Longitude:  162.5E

Forecast position at 240000 UTC
                 Latitude: 12.9S
                 Longitude: 161.7E

The next Special Advisory will be issued at:  0430UTC
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 230437
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 0413 UTC on 23/11/06
Special Advisory Number 12

Tropical Cyclone YANI at 230400 UTC
Located at..
Latitude:  13.0S

Longitude:  163.1E  

Moving:  Southeast at 7 knots

Central Pressure:  975 hPa

Mean maximum winds to 55 knots close to the centre, increasing to 65 knots in
the next 12 hours with maximum gusts to 90 knots.
The system is intensifying. 

Expect gales out to 120 miles from the centre in the southeastern semicircle and
90 miles from the centre in the northwestern semicircle. Storm force winds
within 30 miles of the centre.

Position good. YANI continues to slowly intensify under generally favourable
conditions. Satellite imagery indicating an eye feature. Movement during the
last 12 hours has been slow and cyclic and now in a SE direction at 7 knots.
Movement is still expected towards the southwest within the next 12 to 24 hours.
Most NWP guidance indicates a westerly type component to the movement developing
in the short to medium term, though NWP models vary on whether the ultimate
track will be SW, W, or WNW. The scenario considered most likely is that the
system will continue to be slow moving for the next 6 hours or so, then adopt a
W or WSW movement tonight. 

Gales may develop about Rennell Island during the next 12 to 24 hours into
Friday as the system deepens and/or maintains a westerly track.  

Forecast position at  231200  UTC
                Latitude:  12.6S
                Longitude:  162.5E

Forecast position at 240000 UTC
                 Latitude: 12.9S
                 Longitude: 161.7E

The next Special Advisory will be issued at:  0730UTC
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 230742
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 0657 UTC on 23/11/06
Special Advisory Number 13

Tropical Cyclone YANI at 230700 UTC
Located at..
Latitude:  13.3S

Longitude:  163.1E  

Moving:  South southeast at 7 knots

Central Pressure:  970 hPa

Mean maximum winds to 65 knots close to the centre, increasing to 75 knots in
the next 12 hours with maximum gusts to 100 knots.
The system is intensifying. 

Expect gales out to 120 miles from the centre in the southeastern semicircle and
90 miles from the centre in the northwestern semicircle. Storm force winds
within 50 miles of the centre. Hurricane force winds within 30 miles of centre.

Position good. YANI continues to slowly intensify under generally favourable
conditions. Satellite imagery indicating a banded eye feature. Movement during
the last 12 hours has been slow and cyclic and now in a SSE direction at 7
knots. Movement is still expected towards the south southwest within the next 12
to 24 hours. NWP guidance is indicating two differing scenarios with regards to
system movement, the favoured one moving SSW initially in the next 12 hours then
turning more westerly during Friday. The other and less favourable scenario is
for a westward movement during the next 24 hours.  

The possibility of gales affecting Rennell Island will decrease during the next
24 hours as Yani follows its current course.   

Forecast position at  231800  UTC
                Latitude:  14.0S
                Longitude:  162.7E

Forecast position at 240600 UTC
                 Latitude: 14.5S
                 Longitude: 162.1E

The next Special Advisory will be issued at:  1030UTC
=========================================================================
WWPS22 ABRF 231011
IDQ20016
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Queensland
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre

 
SOLOMON ISLANDS ADVISORY
Issued at 0843 UTC on 23/11/06
Special Advisory Number 14

Tropical Cyclone YANI at 231000 UTC
Located at..
Latitude:  13.5S

Longitude:  163.0E  

Moving:  South at 5 knots

Central Pressure:  965 hPa

Mean maximum winds to 70 knots close to the centre, increasing to 80 knots in
the next 12 to 24 hours with maximum gusts to 100 knots.
The system is intensifying. 

Expect gales out to 120 miles from the centre in the southeastern semicircle and
90 miles from the centre in the northwestern semicircle. Storm force winds
within 50 miles of the centre. Hurricane force winds within 30 miles of centre.

YANI is expected to gradually shift to a southwest track during the next 24
hours, but will continue to move further away from the Solomon Islands.  

The area of gales has now contracted well south of Rennell Island and gales will
not affect any part of the Solomon Islands while the cyclone follows the current
and forecast track.    

Forecast position at  231800  UTC
                Latitude:  14.0S
                Longitude:  162.7E

Forecast position at 240600 UTC
                 Latitude: 14.5S
                 Longitude: 162.1E

This is the Final Special Advisory in this series.
=========================================================================
WHPS01 NFFN 231200
Hurricane Warning 018 issued from RSMC NADI Nov 23/1307 UTC 2006 UTC.

Tropical Cyclone YANI [960hPa] centre was located near 13.6 South 162.9 East at
231200 UTC. 
Position good.  
Repeat position 13.6S 162.9E at 231200 UTC.
Cyclone moving south at about 04 knots but is expected to turn towards the
southwest in the next 12 to 24 hours.
Cyclone intensifying.
Expect sustained winds of 75 knots close to the centre increasing to 85 knots in
the next 12 to 24 hours.
Expect winds over 63 knots within 30 miles of centre
             over 47 knots within 50 miles of centre and
             over 33 knots within 120 miles of centre in the southeastern
semicircle                        
                       and within 90 miles of centre in the northwestern
semicircle.           

Forecast position near 14.8S 163.0E at 240000 UTC
              and near 15.3S 162.7E at 241200 UTC.

All vessels within 300 nautical miles of the centre are requested to send
reports every three hours to RSMC NADI. VOS reporting ships use normal channels.
Other vessels fax plus 679 6720190 or email naditcc at met dot gov dot fj.

This warning cancels and replaces warning 017.
=========================================================================
WHPS01 NFFN 231800
Hurricane Warning 019 issued from RSMC NADI Nov 23/1907 UTC 2006 UTC.

Tropical Cyclone YANI [960hPa] centre was located near 13.8 South 163.0 East at
231800 UTC. 
Position good.  
Repeat position 13.8S 163.0E at 231800 UTC.
Cyclone moving towards the south at about 04 knots but is expected to gradually
turn towards the south-southwest.
Cyclone intensifying.
Expect sustained winds of 75 knots close to the centre increasing to 85 knots in
the next 12 to 24 hours.
Expect winds over 63 knots within 30 miles of centre
             over 47 knots within 50 miles of centre and
             over 33 knots within 120 miles of centre in the southeastern
semicircle                        
                       and within 90 miles of centre in the northwestern
semicircle.           

Forecast position near 14.5S 162.7E at 240600 UTC
              and near 15.2S 162.4E at 241800 UTC.

All vessels within 300 nautical miles of the centre are requested to send
reports every three hours to RSMC NADI. VOS reporting ships use normal channels.
Other vessels fax plus 679 6720190 or email naditcc at met dot gov dot fj.

This warning cancels and replaces warning 018.
=========================================================================
WHPS01 NFFN 240000
Hurricane Warning 020 issued from RSMC NADI Nov 24/0100 UTC 2006 UTC.

Tropical Cyclone YANI [960hPa] centre was located near 14.2 South 163.1 East at
240000 UTC. 
Position good.  
Repeat position 14.2S 163.1E at 240000 UTC.
Cyclone moving towards the south at about 04 knots but is expected to gradually
turn towards the south-southwest.
Cyclone weakening.
Expect sustained winds of 75 knots close to the centre decreasing to 55 knots in
the next 12 to 24 hours.
Expect winds over 63 knots within 30 miles of centre
             over 47 knots within 50 miles of centre and
             over 33 knots within 120 miles of centre in the southeastern
semicircle                        
                       and within 90 miles of centre in the northwestern
semicircle.           

Forecast position near 15.1S 162.9E at 241200 UTC
              and near 15.9S 162.5E at 250000 UTC.

All vessels within 300 nautical miles of the centre are requested to send
reports every three hours to RSMC NADI. VOS reporting ships use normal channels.
Other vessels fax plus 679 6720190 or email naditcc at met dot gov dot fj.

This warning cancels and replaces warning 019.
=========================================================================
WHPS01 NFFN 240600
Hurricane Warning 021 issued from RSMC NADI Nov 24/0713 UTC 2006 UTC.

Tropical Cyclone YANI [975hPa] centre was located near 14.4 South 162.9 East at
240600 UTC. 
Position poor.  
Repeat position 14.4S 162.9E at 240600 UTC.
Cyclone moving towards the south at about 03 knots but is expected to gradually
turn towards the southwest.
Cyclone weakening.
Expect sustained winds of 65 knots close to the centre decreasing to 50 knots in
the next 12 to 24 hours.
Expect winds over 63 knots within 30 miles of centre
             over 47 knots within 50 miles of centre and
             over 33 knots within 120 miles of centre in the southeastern
semicircle                        
                       and within 90 miles of centre in the northwestern
semicircle.           

Forecast position near 15.3S 162.8E at 241800 UTC
              and near 16.2S 162.5E at 250600 UTC.

All vessels within 300 nautical miles of the centre are requested to send
reports every three hours to RSMC NADI. VOS reporting ships use normal channels.
Other vessels fax plus 679 6720190 or email naditcc at met dot gov dot fj.

This warning cancels and replaces warning 020.
=========================================================================
WTPS01 NFFN 241200
STORM Warning 022 issued from RSMC NADI Nov 24/1311 UTC 2006 UTC.

Tropical Cyclone YANI [987hPa] centre was re-located near 13.1 South
161.4 East at 241200 UTC. 
Position poor.  
Repeat position 13.1S 161.4E at 241200 UTC.
Cyclone moving west-northwest at about 08 knots.
Cyclone weakening rapidly.
Expect sustained winds of 50 knots close to the centre decreasing to
35 knots in the next 12 hours.

Expect winds over 47 knots within 20 miles of centre and
             over 33 knots within 100 miles of centre in the
southeastern semicircle  
                       and within 80 miles of centre in the
northwestern semicircle.          
 
Forecast position near 12.9S 161.1E at 250000 UTC                    
      
              and near 12.2S 161.9E at 251200 UTC.

All vessels within 300 nautical miles of the centre are requested to
send reports every three hours to RSMC NADI. VOS reporting ships use
normal channels. Other vessels fax plus 679 6720190 or email naditcc
at met dot gov dot fj.

This warning cancels and replaces warning 021.
=========================================================================
WTPS01 NFFN 241500
GALE Warning 023 issued from RSMC NADI Nov 24/1740 UTC 2006 UTC.

Tropical Cyclone YANI [995hPa] centre was located near 13.1 South
161.7 East at 241500 UTC. 
Position fair.  
Repeat position 13.1S 161.7E at 241500 UTC.
Cyclone has become slow moving and continues to weaken rapidly.
Expect sustained winds of 40 knots close to the centre decreasing to
below gale force in the next 6 to 9 hours.

Expect winds over 33 knots within 100 miles of centre in the
southeastern semicircle  
                       and within 80 miles of centre in the
northwestern semicircle.          
 
Forecast position near 13.3S 160.3E at 250300 UTC                    
      
              and near 13.9S 159.6E at 251500 UTC.

All vessels within 300 nautical miles of the centre are requested to
send reports every three hours to RSMC NADI. VOS reporting ships use
normal channels. Other vessels fax plus 679 6720190 or email naditcc
at met dot gov dot fj.

This warning cancels and replaces warning 022.
=========================================================================